Common Ground in Rhetoric - Definition and Examples

In rhetoric and communication, common ground is a basis of mutual interest or agreement thats found or established in the course of an argument. Finding common ground is an essential aspect of conflict resolution and a key to ending disputes peacefully. Examples and Observations Whereas ancient rhetoricians seemed confident that they shared common ground with their audiences, modern rhetorical writers must often discover common ground. . . . In our pluralistic world where we often do not share values, readers and authors work to find the common ground that allows them to communicate and interpret judgments, evaluations, and emotions.(Wendy Olmsted, Rhetoric: An Historical Introduction. Blackwell, 2006)Buried deep within the heart of every conflict lies a territory known as Common Ground. But how do we summon the courage to seek out its borders?(The Control Voice in Tribunal. The Outer Limits, 1999)Only in a situation of actual revolution . . . could one say that there is no common ground among participants in a controversy.(David Zarefsky, A Skeptical View of Movement Studies. Central States Speech Journal, Winter 1980)The Rhetorical SituationOne possibility for defining common ground . . . is a shift from that which is already shared, to that which is not s hared--but which could potentially become shared, or if not shared then at least understood, once we open up the paradigm to include that act of listening to each other as part of the common ground of rhetorical exchange. . . .Common ground presumes that, no matter what our individual positions, we do share a common interest in both individual and social growth, a willingness to enter into the rhetorical situation with an open mind, to consider, to hear, to ask questions, to make contributions. It is out of such commonalities that we forge new competencies, new understandings, new identities . . ..(Barbara A. Emmel, Common Ground and (Re)Defanging the Antagonistic, in Dialogue and Rhetoric, ed. by Edda Weigand. John Benjamins, 2008)Common Ground in Classical Rhetoric: Shared OpinionPerhaps the least equivocal vision of  common ground is  found in  rhetorical  theories—which stress stylistic appropriateness and audience-adaptation. In antiquity, rhetorics were often ha ndbooks of commonplaces—common topics appropriate for general audiences. The idea was that it takes agreement to get agreement. Aristotle thus saw common ground as shared opinion, the underlying unity that makes enthymemes possible. Enthymemes are rhetorical syllogisms trading on the listeners ability to supply premises to a speakers claims. The common ground between speaker and listener is a cognitive unity: The said calls up the unsaid, and together the speaker and listener create a common syllogism.(Charles Arthur Willard,  Liberalism and the Problem of Knowledge: A New Rhetoric for Modern Democracy. The University of Chicago Press, 1996)The New Rhetoric of Chaim PerelmanIt sometimes seems as if two opposing views are so different that no common ground can be found. Strangely enough, exactly when two groups hold radically opposing views, common ground is likely to exist. When two political parties strongly advocate different economic policies, we may assume that both par ties are deeply concerned about the economic welfare of the country. When the prosecution and the defense in a legal case differ fundamentally on the matter of guilt or innocence, one can start by saying that both wish to see justice done. Of course, fanatics and skeptics will seldom be persuaded of anything.(Douglas Lawrie, Speaking to Good Effect: An introduction to the Theory and Practice of Rhetoric. SUN PReSS, 2005)Kenneth Burkes Concept of IdentificationWhen rhetoric and composition scholarship invokes identification, it most commonly cites Kenneth Burkes modern theory of consubstantial common ground. As a place for rhetorical listening, however, Burkes concept of identification is limited. It does not adequately address the coercive force of common ground that often haunts cross-cultural communication, nor does it adequately address how to identify and negotiate troubled identifications; moreover, it does not address how to identify and negotiate conscious identifications fun ctioning as ethical and political choices.(Krista Ratcliffe, Rhetorical Listening: Identification, Gender, Whiteness. SIU Press, 2005)

Social Media in Africa - 758 Words

Three years ago I spent five weeks in Central Africa Republic. Traveling around the countryside and visiting with nationals was rewarding in many ways. If you asked me then, I would have never foreseen what direction the country was headed. I could never have imagined the once beautiful capital of Bangui would turn into war torn rubbish, filled with refugees fleeing from harm. Central Africa Republic is in the middle of a war brought on by its own people. Muslims and Christian’s battle back and forth aggressively killing one another and inputting fear into many. Humanitarians have been risking their lives attempting to stop the chaos and bring the country back to order. Organizations like the United Nations and UNICEF are doing their part to provide for the refugees, while individuals like Peter Bouckaert and Samantha Power are meeting with rebel leaders encouraging peace. Social media, in particular Twitter, has been a major platform for these organizations and individuals to share with the world the experiences they are encountering daily. Using Twitter hashtags like #CAR and #CARcrisis allows for stories to be told and information to be released throughout the world. Individuals worldwide are becoming aware of the circumstances happening overseas by simply opening their Twitter account, and not just from mainstream news sources. The crisis in Central Africa Republic is only one example of social media’s impact on the humanitarian sector. This is becoming a largerShow MoreRelatedTelevision, Television And The Internet1399 Words   |  6 Pagestelevision and the Internet, we are able to assess the livelihoods of those around the globe and absorb information with the rise of 24-hour news outlets. Throughout the years, media outlets have gone above and beyond relaying international political coverage—media conglomerates have begun covering humanitarian crisis, social movements, and popular culture through the â€Å"infotainment† channels. With visual mediums, news channels and news outlets are influential in creating images and stories for spectatorsRead MoreTaking a Look at the Monash University896 Words   |  4 Pagescampuses affiliated to it spread across the world, in India, China, South Africa, Italy and Malaysia, at the same time linked to the Monash website. This essay will make an attempt to provide a critical analysis of the Monash website and the current affiliation with Laureate group of universities. Firstly, an analysis of Monash around the world link will be explored. Secondly, an attempt to discuss the affiliation of Monash South Africa University as part of the Laureate family with respect to the MonashRead MoreSoul City Television Essay1568 Words   |  7 Pagestelevision series, concerning it is entertainment function and how its behavioral and social perspective is geared towards shaping society and serve as an entertainment function (Yach, 1992). This is a South African television series that was started in the early nineties. It also has, this television series reflects the social and improvement challenges looked by poor groups all over the place. It meshes wellbeing and social issues into genuine stories for the huge number of individuals who have developedRead MoreThe Interconnected Nature of Media, Culture and Society Essay example1672 Word s   |  7 Pagesof the media in the everyday lives of people and on the structure of society and the nature of culture is emphasised. This essay focuses on how the media influences culture and society as well as it explores the issues relating to the media and how the media benefits individuals and the world. However this essay also criticizes the media as it has various negative effects on the world. It’s almost impossible these days to have a conversation that doesn’t involve the world of social media. In theRead MoreWestern Media Essay1043 Words   |  5 PagesAfrica is one of the richest continents in terms of resources and human population nonetheless; it is the poorest and least developed continent. A significant number of the population in the west are ignorant about Africa and have a negative attitude towards Africa, ‘Most of them have certain images of Africa that they hold to be true or real’, all these images are acquired though what they receive as news in the western media (Michira,2002). Often words used to describe Africa in the west includeRead MoreEffects Of Mass Media In Africa829 Words   |  4 PagesFor centuries Africa has been identified as a place where endless poverty, diseases, conflict, and violence exist. Studies show that the negative stereotypes and misconceptions about Africa come from different sources including movies, a nd mass media. There are other misconceptions, not only about their lifestyles, but also about their religious aspects and cultural standings. Many scholars   argue about how mass media portrays African culture and general information pertaining to Africa. Some argueRead MoreRole Of Local Media On Public Diplomacy1705 Words   |  7 Pageslocal media in promoting Public Diplomacy of China in Zanzibar. The chapter also gives research Questions and significance of the study and research methodology. 1.1.1 Background and Problem Statement In every society in this world, media plays a very important role as sources of information on what is occurring not only within the local community but also in international in the formation of public opinion and have been recognized as constitutive of social reality in modern society . Media thusRead MoreTrophy Hunting : A Social Construction Perspective1028 Words   |  5 PagesTrophy hunting is a wildly controversial topic, especially in today’s social media driven world. Every time a new picture of a hunter and a dead lion or other animal is posted online the media goes crazy. Africa is known for it’s beautiful landscapes, and more importantly the exotic highly sought after animals that roam the land. Africa’s most prominent animals are known as the â€Å"big five† it consists of the most challenging and rewarding animals to hunt. The big five consists of: lions, elephantsRead MoreWimpy, Debonairs Pizza And Steers Essay1602 Words   |  7 Pagesva lue. The state of the economy in South Africa is very volatile and unfavorable for business, the challenges faced by these franchise in the wake of economic and political instability will be examined in this task as well along with strategies to handle the challenges. Debonairs Pizza is the leading take out and home delivery chain in Africa, with a footprint of 400 outlets locally and internationally. It has representation in 13 countries across Africa and the Middle East. The franchise has receivedRead MoreHi5 : The History And Evolution Of My Space860 Words   |  4 PagesAnother major social network is Hi5, established in 2003 and currently having more than 60 million active members according to their own claims. Profile privacy works a bit differently on Hi5, where a user’s network consists of not only their contacts, but also second (friends of friends) and third (friends of friends of friends) degree contacts. Operators could set their profiles to be seen only by their network members or by Hi5 operators in general. (http://www.webdesignerdepot.com/2009/10/the-history-and-evolution-of-social-media/)

Reflective Learning Nursing Profession

Question: Discuss about theReflective Learningfor Nursing Profession. Answer: Reflection is one of the important attribute in the nursing profession which contributes in the development of critical, autonomous as well as the advanced practitioners. It is one of the most important aspect as in this profession, experience and reflection o such experiences are inter related (Bulman Schultz, 2013). It had been seen by researchers that an individual nurse who had made time to reflect on their own practice as well as their daily experiences are more capable for providing enhanced nursing care and also have a better understanding of the actions that they had undertaken. These in turn have shown to develop their own professional skills in providing the best care to patients. A nurse who is capable of correctly reflecting her practices can actually examine her own actions and experiences that in turn help them practice and also help them in both clinical and theoretical domains (Saunders et al., 2016). The most benefitting effect of this practice is that it can help n ot only the nursing students to improve their skills but also develop the practices of enrolled nurses and registered nurses. In order to provide the correct reflection, important attributes that are important are open-mindedness, courage and also willingness to accept and act on all sort of criticism (Atkins Kultz, 2013). These attributes will help the nurse to develop a true reflection which would be helpful to develop her knowledge and skill in her profession. Gibbs model is one of the most famous models that is used by nurses to reflect their own practises (Patterson et al., 2016). The firsts step usually helps in describing various situations where she had faced like the treatment of patients who did not provide informed consents, faced cultural barriers, used medical restraints, made mistake in medication administration and others. The next step usually helps in describing the feelings of the nurses. It has helped me to properly reflect what the different negative was or the positive feelings that I had gathered from this experiences that I mentioned. It included the legal obligations that I faced, the ethical dilemma that I went through, the helping of the family members who faced a loss of their near ones and others. The next two steps are the evaluation as well as the analysis method. These steps usually helps a nurse to evaluate what went wrong in the practice and helps him to analyze the alternative ways that could have yielded a b etter and safe results. Like in the case of medical restraints, I could have made better fall assessment and introduced strategies that would prevent fall rather than applying restraints. Not only negative experiences, it also helps the nurse to evaluate the best steps she had taken and realize how her decision at the correct moment had brought down the best benefits. The next step usually involves the conclusion about the exact understanding of the entire sequences that helped me to conclude what went wrong and what should have been done. As in one case, I concluded through my reflection that I should have asked for informed consent before I took decision on the behalf of the patient to take her for blood samples. All these are concluded properly. The last step is the action plan that had helped me to reflect what should be done by me in similar situation in future. I had learnt that I should always ask for patient consent, do proper procedures for delegation, maintain proper, nurs ing guidelines and similar others to avoid legal obligations and provide best care. Standard 8 of the standards of practice for the enrolled nurses usually guides a nursing student or the enrolled nurse to refer to any issues to the registered nurse so that she can guide the enrolled nurse (Halcomb et al., 2017). The registered nurse usually helps the enrolled nurse with evidence based support in order to develop her skills ("Standards-for-Practice---Enrolled-Nurses", 2017). My mentor who was an enrolled nurse helped me develop my skill in administrating medication. Although I had theoretical knowledge of following the five main rules of administration like right route, right direction, right time, right dose and right patient, I was often getting confused about the routes. She had helped me correctly to differentiate the routes discussing their significance. In this way she had helped me in demonstrating analytical skills by accessing as well as evaluating healthcare information. She had also taught me how to develop quality of my skills by monitoring my activities and helping me correct them. She helped me how to overcome ethical dilemma while handling a patient who had confirmed me to perform DNR but went to comma before completing paper works. Thereby in this way, under the guidance of the registered nurses, I learnt to use proper resources to improve current practice. References: Atkins, S., Schutz, S. (2013). Developing skills for reflective practice.Reflective Bulman, C., Schutz, S. (Eds.). (2013).Reflective practice in nursing. John Wiley Sons. Halcomb, E., Stephens, M., Bryce, J., Foley, E., Ashley, C. (2017). The development of professional practice standards for Australian general practice nurses.Journal of Advanced Nursing. Patterson, C., Moxham, L., Brighton, R., Taylor, E., Sumskis, S., Perlman, D., ... Hadfield, L. (2016). Nursing students' reflections on the learning experience of a unique mental health clinical placement.Nurse Education Today,46, 94-98. Saunders, R., Singer, R., Dugmore, H., Seaman, K., Lake, F. (2016). Nursing students reflections on an interprofessional placement in ambulatory care.Reflective Practice,17(4), 393-402. Standards-for-Practice---Enrolled-Nurses. (2017). file:///C:/Users/user00/Downloads/Nursing-and-Midwifery-Board---Standards-for-Practice---Enrolled-Nurses. Retrieved 25 April 2017, from https://file:///C:/Users/user00/Downloads/Nursing-and-Midwifery-Board---Standards-for-Practice---Enrolled-Nurses.PDF

African Americans Are Still Enslaved In America Essays - Slavery

African Americans Are Still Enslaved In America African Americans are Still Enslaved in America Blacks have no rights that which Whites are bound to respect These were the words the words of Chief Justice Roger Tanry. These words that have been believed and honored for centuries. Blacks have attempted to change these discriminative views of White Americans for many years. As an African American born in the United States I have witnessed and experienced several instances of racism and discrimination. White Americans have always wanted to control and manipulate the minds Black America. I know first hand that African Americans are still enslaved in America today.Slavery marked the beginning the tribulations they have encountered from the moment they arrived in America. Africans were captured and brought to America against their wills. Once they were loaded of the ships they were handcuffed and displayed like commodities. He was cut off from hi African past, with no hope for the future. With no rights to protect him. Americans were fr ee to treat them how they saw fit. This usually included physical punishment. Slavery required docility. Punishment was carefully planned out to instill terror and break the Africans' spirit. They had to be fit for hard work. Inflicting the slaves with brutal beatings would provide so much more than just punishment. Dehumanization, submission, rigid discipline, inferiority and dependence were just some of the wanted effects. Who would ever guess that it would come back to haunt them later? White Americans owned slaves for over two hundred years. Although some of these slaves tried to revolt and runaway, it didn't have much impact on the situation. On January 1,1863, Abraham Lincoln issued the Emancipation Proclamation freeing all the slaves that were in states that supported the Confederacy. Contrary to what we were educated with in grammar school, his major goal was to save the union. August 22, 1862 Lincoln wrote,My Paramount objective is to save the Union?. If I couldsave the Uni on without freeing the slaves, I woulddo it; if I could save it by freeing all the slaves, I woulddo it; and if I could save it by freeing some and leavingthe others alone I would also do it?.. (Hutchinson, pg. 52)It wasn't until May 1865 that President Andrew Johnson called for abolition of slavery. Slavery in the United States has been called the most awful the world has known (Banks/Banks pg. 52) The Civil War began April 12,1862 and ended 1865. In the beginning African Americans were not allowed to fight in the war, but the Proclamation It didn't matter that most Blacks were born in this counrty. They continued to live without the rights that the other American born citizens had. This country was built on the labor of these Blacks parents and grandparents and it was continuing. History Essays

equiano essays

equiano essays In The Interesting Narrative of the Life of Olaudah Equiano written by himself, Equiano begins his narrative in the simple, yet enthusiastic voice that carries the reader throughout his life story. He makes his plans entirely clear, he intends his narrative to open the world's eyes to the degradation and inhumanity of slavery. Yet he knows, too, that merely preaching of goodwill towards Africans would not turn any heads. He must show directly the irony that those naming others "barbarians" were the barbaric ones themselves. His intensely personal story, with detailed descriptions of what he saw cruel or ordinary and of how one African dealt with forced encounters with different lands and cultures, was what it would take for Englishmen to relate and thus to understand. We are going to look at who Equianos audience was and how he tried to reach these particular Equaino writes his narrative in a very honest and informal form, as if he is writing to someone that he knows well. The audience however, seems to be the people of the Americas as well as Europe, not just other blacks or slaves. For this reason the book is published in America as well as Europe several times while Equiano is still living. In the narrative, Equiano attempts to tell his story with a very fair and accurate historical tone. By doing this he can gain his readers trust as an unbiased historian, calling for necessary action, rather than an angry slave trying to get back at the slaveholders. For Equiano, staying in England meant working towards his goals through British culture. This is how his Interesting Narrative gained the structure it has. With Equiano's reformative intent for the novel, his confusing combination of culture and upbringing, and the intended audience to hear his reformative cry, his best bet to reach this audience was mostly by means with which they were fami ...

Econometrics assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Econometrics - Assignment Example In this case, the cumulative probability is 0.7049. This implies that the coefficient is at least -20 (100 - 70.5) = 29.5% of the time. We now test the probability that the obtained t-score with 11982 degrees of freedom is greater than 0.5385. Using the t-tables, we obtain the one-tailed p-value as 0.2951. Since this value is greater than the default level of significance (0.05) for the test, we fail to reject the null hypothesis. We establish that the value of the coefficient is not greater than -20 at the 5% level of significance. From the equations, we now determine whether students whose home language is not English are more or less likely to read fiction compared to those who read fiction at home. Firstly, we realize that the introduction of the variable â€Å"fiction† in the second model improves the value of R2 from 0.02 to 0.204. This indicates that the variable alone accounts for (0.204 – 0.02) = 18.4% of the variability in the reading scores. We take the â€Å"odds ratio† approach. We apply the formula: Again, nearly everyone in the sample who does not speak English at home reads fiction. The ratio of fiction readers from the two categorizations is 1:1, implying neither of the groups commands higher fiction reading likelihoods than the other. In the variable â€Å"fiction† were to be split into constituent components based on the likert scale rankings earlier used, such that â€Å"fict5† indicates â€Å"I like reading fiction very much† and so on, we would have to change the variable responses from scale to dummies. We assume that if an individual who, say responding to â€Å"fict5† mentions that they â€Å"do not like reading fiction very much† will be accorded 0 for the response, and 1 for â€Å"I like reading fiction very much†. The variable â€Å"fict3† is the transition between responses that affirm or disaffirm the proposal/ question. This is highlighted by the fact that the scale used has 5 points, providing for

U01d2 Health Care Regulation Search Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

U01d2 Health Care Regulation Search - Essay Example House of Representatives. Since 1926, the United States Code has been published every six years. In between editions, annual cumulative supplements are published in order to present the most current information’ (GPO Access - USC, 2010). The Code of Federal Regulations (CFR) on the other hand is published by the Executive departments and the agencies of the Federal Government. It has been defined as, ‘The Code of Federal Regulations (CFR) is the codification of the general and permanent rules published in the Federal Register by the executive departments and agencies of the Federal Government. It is divided into 50 titles that represent broad areas subject to Federal regulation. Each volume of the CFR is updated once each calendar year and is issued on a quarterly basis† (GPO Access, 2010). Similar to the United States Code, the Extensive Federal Regulation is also divided into 50 titles and these are updated once every calendar year and are issued once every quarter. The Federal Register has been defined as, ‘Published by the Office of the Federal Register, National Archives and Records Administration (NARA), the Federal Register is the official daily publication for rules, proposed rules, and not ices of Federal agencies and organizations, as well as executive orders and other presidential documents’ (The Federal Register (FR), 2010). These reports are structured and developed in chapters which have been titled and also been well divided and explained with a deep explanation of the regulations and the rules. These form a major part of the countries documentation and need to be reviewed and updated each time to ensure that the coding and rating are all kept up to date. The report also includes an Appendix C, which locates the list of agencies for the chapters and provides details of the agencies and all the information pertaining to them. The Federal Register is also an important document of